Abstract: Lienjine tsa diesel li ka ntša matla nakong ea ts'ebetso.Ntle le kamore ea mollo le mochini o kopanyang oa crank o fetolelang ka kotloloho matla a futhumatsang a mafura hore e be matla a mochini, ba tlameha ho ba le mekhoa le litsamaiso tse tsamaellanang ho netefatsa ts'ebetso ea bona, 'me lisebelisoa tsena le lits'ebetso li hokahane le ho hokahana.Mefuta e fapaneng le ts'ebeliso ea lienjineri tsa diesel li na le mekhoa le litsamaiso tse fapaneng, empa mesebetsi ea tsona e ts'oana.Enjene ea diesel e entsoe haholo-holo ka likarolo tsa 'mele le mekhoa ea ho kopanya li-crank, mekhoa ea ho tsamaisa li-valve le mekhoa ea ho kenya le ho ntša metsi, phepelo ea mafura le litsamaiso tsa taolo ea lebelo, lits'ebetso tsa lubrication, litsamaiso tse pholileng, lisebelisoa tsa ho qala le mekhoa le lits'ebetso tse ling.
1. Sebopeho le likarolo tsa mesebetsi ea dienjini tsa disele
Enjene ea diesel ke mofuta oa enjene e tukang ka hare, e leng sesebelisoa sa ho fetola matla se fetolang matla a mocheso a tsoang ho tukang ho ea ho matla a mochini.Enjene ea diesel ke karolo ea matla ea sete ea jenereithara, ka kakaretso e entsoe ka mochini o kopanyang oa crankshaft le likarolo tsa 'mele, mochini oa phepelo ea li-valve le sistimi ea ho kenya le ho tsoa, sistimi ea phepelo ea disele, sistimi ea lubrication, sistimi e pholisang le sistimi ea motlakase.
1. Crankshaft e kopanyang molamu oa mochine
E le hore u fetole matla a futhumetseng a futhumetseng hore e be matla a mochine, ho hlokahala hore a phethe ka mochine o kopanyang oa crankshaft.Mochine ona haholo-holo o entsoe ka likarolo tse kang li-pistons, piston pins, lithupa tse hokelang, crankshafts le flywheels,.Ha mafura a chesa le ho chesa ka kamoreng ea mollo, ho atolosoa ha khase ho hlahisa khatello e ka holimo ho piston, ho sutumetsa piston ho ea pele le morao ka tsela e otlolohileng.Ka thuso ea molamu o kopanyang, crankshaft e potoloha ho khanna mochine o sebetsang (mojaro) ho etsa mosebetsi.
2. Sehlopha sa 'mele
Likarolo tsa 'mele haholo li kenyelletsa cylinder block, cylinder head, le crankcase.Ke matrix a litsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa mochini lienjineng tsa diesel, 'me likarolo tse ngata tsa eona ke likarolo tsa crank ea enjene ea diesel le mehala e hokahanyang, mekhoa ea ho tsamaisa li-valve le lisebelisoa tsa ho kenya le ho ntša metsi, phepelo ea mafura le litsamaiso tsa taolo ea lebelo, lits'ebetso tsa lubrication le pholiso. litsamaiso.Ka mohlala, hlooho ea silinda le moqhaka oa piston hammoho li etsa sebaka sa kamore ea mollo, 'me likarolo tse ngata, li-ducts tsa ho kenya le ho ntša metsi, le litsela tsa oli li boetse li hlophisitsoe ho eona.
3. Mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa li-valve
E le hore sesebelisoa se tsoele pele ho fetola matla a futhumatsang hore e be matla a mochini, se tlameha ho hlomelloa ka sete ea mekhoa ea ho tsamaisa moea ho netefatsa ho kena khafetsa ha moea o hloekileng le ho tsoa ha khase ea litšila tse tukang.
Terene ea li-valve e entsoe ka sehlopha sa li-valve (valve e kenang, valve ea ho qeta nako, tataiso ea valve, setulo sa valve le spring ea valve, joalo-joalo) le sehlopha sa phetisetso (tappet, tappet, rocker arm, rocker arm shaft, camshaft le gear ea nako. , joalo-joalo).Mosebetsi oa terene ea li-valve ke ho bula ka nako le ho koala li-valve tsa ho kenya le ho ntša metsi ho latela litlhoko tse itseng, ho ntša khase ea ho tsoa ka har'a silinda, le ho hema moea o hloekileng, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e boreleli ea moea oa enjene ea diesel.
4. Tsamaiso ea mafura
Matla a mocheso a tlameha ho fana ka palo e itseng ea mafura, e romeloang ka kamoreng ea mollo 'me e kopane ka ho feletseng le moea ho hlahisa mocheso.Ka hona, ho tlameha ho ba le tsamaiso ea mafura.
Mosebetsi oa tsamaiso ea phepelo ea mafura a enjene ea diesel ke ho kenya tekanyo e itseng ea diesel ka kamoreng ea mollo ka khatello e itseng ka nako e itseng, le ho e kopanya le moea ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho tuka.Haholo-holo e na le tanka ea diesel, pompo ea phetisetso ea mafura, filthara ea diesel, pompo ea ente ea mafura (pompo ea oli e nang le khatello e phahameng), ente ea mafura, molaoli oa lebelo, jj.
5. Sistimi e phodileng
E le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea likhohlano tsa lienjine tsa diesel le ho netefatsa mocheso o tloaelehileng oa likarolo tse fapaneng, lienjineri tsa diesel li tlameha ho ba le sistimi ea ho pholisa.Sistimi ea ho futhumatsa e lokela ho ba le lisebelisoa tse kang pompo ea metsi, radiator, thermostat, fan le baki ea metsi.
6. Sisteme ea ho tlotsa
Mosebetsi oa sistimi ea lubrication ke ho fana ka oli e tlotsang libakeng tse khohlano tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tse tsamaeang tsa enjene ea diesel, e bapalang karolo ho fokotsa likhohlano, ho pholisa, ho hloekisa, ho tiisa le ho thibela mafome, ho fokotsa ho hanyetsa likhohlano le ho khathala, le ho nka. ho tlosa mocheso o hlahisoang ke ho hohlana, ka hona ho netefatsa hore enjene ea disele e sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng.Haholo-holo e na le pompo ea oli, filthara ea oli, radiator ea oli, li-valve tse fapaneng, le litselana tsa oli tse tlotsang.
7. Qala tsamaiso
E le hore u potlakele ho qala mochine oa diesel, ho boetse ho hlokahala sesebelisoa sa ho qala ho laola ho qala ha enjene ea diesel.Ho latela mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho qala, likarolo tse nang le sesebelisoa sa ho qala hangata li qalisoa ke li-motors tsa motlakase kapa li-motor pneumatic.Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa jenereithara tse matla, moea o hatelitsoeng o sebelisoa ho qala.
2、 Molao-motheo oa ts'ebetso oa enjene ea disele e mene
Ts'ebetsong ea mocheso, ke mokhoa oa ho atolosa feela oa mokelikeli o sebetsang o na le bokhoni ba ho etsa mosebetsi, 'me re hloka hore enjene e tsoele pele ho hlahisa mosebetsi oa mechine, kahoo re tlameha ho etsa hore mokelikeli o sebetsang o atolohe khafetsa.Ka hona, hoa hlokahala ho leka ho khutlisetsa mokelikeli o sebetsang boemong ba oona ba pele pele o atoloha.Ka hona, enjene ea diesel e tlameha ho feta lits'ebetsong tse 'ne tsa mocheso: ho kenya, ho hatella, ho atolosa le ho ntša metsi pele e ka khutlela boemong ba eona ba pele, ho lumella enjene ea diesel hore e tsoele pele ho hlahisa mosebetsi oa mechine.Ka hona, mekhoa e mene e ka holimo ea mocheso e bitsoa potoloho ea ho sebetsa.Haeba piston ea enjene ea disele e qeta liropo tse ’nè ’me e phetha potoloho e le ’ngoe ea ho sebetsa, enjene eo e bitsoa enjene ea disele e ’nè.
1. Ho ja setorouku
Sepheo sa stroke ke ho hema moea o hloekileng le ho itokisetsa ho tuka ha mafura.Ho finyella ho kenngoa, phapang ea khatello e lokela ho thehoa pakeng tsa ka hare le ka ntle ho cylinder.Ka hona, nakong ea setorouku sena, valve ea ho tima e koala, valve e kenang ea buleha, 'me piston e tloha setsing se shoeleng ho ea setsing se shoeleng.Molumo o ka holim'a piston o ntse o eketseha butle-butle, 'me khatello ea fokotseha.Khatello ea khase ka cylinder e ka ba 68-93kPa tlase ho feta khatello ea sepakapaka.Tlas'a ketso ea khatello ea sepakapaka, moea o hloekileng o kenngoa ka har'a cylinder ka valve ea ho kena.Ha piston e fihla setsing se ka tlase se shoeleng, valve ea ho kenya e koala 'me leqeba la ho noa le fela.
2. Compression stroke
Sepheo sa stroke sa khatello ke ho eketsa khatello le mocheso oa moea ka har'a silinda, ho theha maemo a ho tuka ha mafura.Ka lebaka la li-valve tse koetsoeng le tsa ho qeta, moea o ka har'a cylinder o hatelloa, 'me khatello le mocheso le tsona lia eketseha.Tekanyo ea keketseho e ipapisitse le boemo ba khatello, 'me lienjineri tse fapaneng tsa disele li ka ba le phapang e nyane.Ha piston e atamela setsi se shoeleng, khatello ea moea e ka har'a silinda e fihla (3000-5000) kPa 'me mocheso o fihla ho 500-700 ℃, o fetang hole mocheso oa ho itetsa oa disele.
3. Katoloso stroke
Ha piston e le haufi le ho fela, ente ea mafura e qala ho kenya diesel ka har'a silinda, e e kopanya le moea ho etsa motsoako o tukang, 'me hang-hang ea iteela.Ka nako ena, khatello e ka hare ho silinda e potlakela ho nyolohela ho 6000-9000kPa, 'me mocheso o fihla holimo ho (1800-2200) ℃.Ka tlas'a tšusumetso ea likhase tse phahameng tsa mocheso le khatello e phahameng, piston e theohela setsing se shoeleng ebe e khanna crankshaft ho potoloha, ho etsa mosebetsi.Ha piston ea ho atolosa khase e theoha, khatello ea eona e fokotseha butle-butle ho fihlela valve ea ho ntša metsi e buloa.
4. Exhaust stroke
4. Exhaust stroke
Sepheo sa setorouku sa ho qeta ke ho tlosa khase ea ho tsoa ka har'a silinda.Ka mor'a hore matla a matla a phethiloe, khase e ka cylinder e fetohile khase ea ho qeta, 'me mocheso oa eona o theohela ho (800 ~ 900) ℃' me khatello e theohela ho (294 ~ 392) kPa.Ka nako ena, valve ea ho tima e bula ha valve e kenang e ntse e koetsoe, 'me piston e tloha setsing se shoeleng ho ea setsing se ka holimo se shoeleng.Tlas'a khatello e setseng le piston e kentsoeng ka har'a silinda, khase ea ho tsoa e ntšoa ka ntle ho silinda.Ha piston e fihla setsing se ka holimo se shoeleng hape, ts'ebetso ea ho ntša metsi e fela.Ka mor'a hore mokhoa oa ho qeta o phethoe, valve ea ho qeta e koala 'me valve ea ho kenya e bula hape, e pheta-pheta potoloho e latelang le ho tsoela pele ho sebetsa ka ntle.
3, Classification le litšobotsi tsa dienjini disele
Enjene ea diesel ke enjene e tukang e ka hare e sebelisang diesel joalo ka mafura.Lienjineri tsa diesel ke tsa lienjineri tse khantšang, tseo hangata li bitsoang lienjine tsa Dizeli ho latela moqapi oa tsona oa sehlooho, Diesel.Ha enjene ea diesel e sebetsa, e hula moea ho tloha cylinder mme e hatelloa ho isa tekanyong e phahameng ka lebaka la ho tsamaea ha piston, e fihla mocheso o phahameng oa 500-700 ℃.Ka mor'a moo, mafura a tšeloa moeeng o nang le mocheso o phahameng ka mokhoa oa moholi, o kopantsoeng le moea oa mocheso o phahameng ho etsa motsoako o tukang, oo ka bohona o hotetsang le ho chesa.Matla a lokolloang nakong ea mollo a sebetsa ka holim'a piston, a e sutumelletsa le ho e fetola mosebetsi oa mochine o potolohang ka molamu o kopanyang le crankshaft.
1. Mofuta oa enjene ea diesel
(1) Ho ea ka potoloho ea ho sebetsa, e ka aroloa ka lienjineri tse 'nè tsa diesel le tse peli.
(2) Ho ea ka mokhoa oa ho pholisa, e ka aroloa ka lienjini tsa disele tse pholileng ka metsi le moea.
(3) Ho latela mokhoa oa ho noa, e ka aroloa ka li-turbocharged le tse se nang turbocharged (ka tlhaho aspirated) dienjini tsa disele.
(4) Ho ea ka lebelo, lienjene tsa diesel li ka aroloa ka lebelo le phahameng (ho feta 1000 rpm), lebelo le mahareng (300-1000 rpm), le lebelo le tlase (ka tlase ho 300 rpm).
(5) Ho ea ka kamore e tukang, lienjineri tsa diesel li ka aroloa ka ente e tobileng, kamore ea swirl le mefuta ea pre chamber.
(6) Ho ea ka mokhoa oa khato ea khatello ea khase, e ka aroloa ka liketso tse le 'ngoe, tse peli tse sebetsang le tse hanyetsanang le li-diesel tsa piston.
(7) Ho ea ka palo ea li-cylinders, e ka aroloa ka li-cylinder tse le 'ngoe le li-engine tse ngata tsa diesel.
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(9) Ho ea ka mokhoa oa phepelo ea mafura, e ka aroloa ka phepelo ea peterole ea pompo ea oli ea khatello e phahameng le khatello e phahameng ea khatello e tloaelehileng ea taolo ea enjene ea elektroniki.
(10) Ho ea ka tlhophiso ea li-cylinders, e ka aroloa ka litlhophiso tse otlolohileng le tse nang le V, litlhophiso tse hanyetsanang ka holimo, litlhophiso tse nang le W, litlhophiso tse bōpehileng joaloka linaleli, joalo-joalo.
(11) Ho ea ka matla a matla, e ka aroloa ka nyenyane (200KW), mahareng (200-1000KW), e kholo (1000-3000KW), le e kholo (3000KW le holimo).
2. Litšobotsi tsa lienjine tsa diesel bakeng sa ho hlahisa matla
Lisebelisoa tsa jenereithara tsa diesel li tsamaisoa ke lienjineri tsa diesel.Ha ho bapisoa le lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa ho fehla matla joalo ka lijenereithara tsa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa turbine tsa mouoane, lijenereithara tsa turbine tsa khase, lijenereithara tsa matla a nyutlelie, joalo-joalo, li na le litšobotsi tsa sebopeho se bonolo, compactness, matsete a manyane, maoto a manyane, ts'ebetso e phahameng ea mocheso, ho qala habonolo, taolo e feto-fetohang, mekhoa e bonolo ea ts'ebetso, tlhokomelo e bonolo le tokiso, litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa ho kopanya le ho fehla motlakase, le phepelo e bonolo ea mafura le polokelo.Boholo ba lienjineri tsa diesel tse sebelisetsoang ho fehla matla ke mefuta e fapaneng ea lienjineri tsa diesel tsa sepheo se akaretsang kapa tse ling, tse nang le litšobotsi tse latelang:
(1) Maqhubu a tsitsitseng le lebelo
Maqhubu a matla a AC a tsitsitse ho 50Hz le 60Hz, kahoo lebelo la sete ea jenereithara e ka ba 1500 le 1800r / min feela.Chaena le linaha tsa mehleng tsa Soviet tse sebelisang matla a mangata haholo-holo li sebelisa 1500r / min, ha linaha tsa Europe le Amerika li sebelisa haholo 1800r / min.
(2) Lebelo le tsitsitseng la motlakase
Phallo ea motlakase ea lihlopha tsa jenereithara ea disele e sebelisoang Chaena ke 400/230V (6.3kV bakeng sa lihlopha tse kholo tsa jenereithara), ka makhetlo a 50Hz le matla a matla a cos ф= 0.8.
(3) Letoto la phapang ea matla le pharaletseng.
Matla a lienjine tsa diesel tse sebelisetsoang ho hlahisa matla a ka fapana ho tloha ho 0.5kW ho isa ho 10000kW.Ka kakaretso, lienjineri tsa diesel tse nang le matla a 12-1500kW li sebelisoa e le liteishene tsa motlakase tse tsamaeang, mehloli ea matla e bolokang matla, mehloli ea matla a tšohanyetso, kapa mehloli ea matla ea mahaeng e sebelisoang hangata.Liteishene tse tsitsitseng kapa tsa maoatle li sebelisoa hangata joalo ka mehloli ea matla, e nang le matla a tsoang ho mashome a likete tsa kilowatts.
(4) E na le pokello e itseng ea matla.
Lienjineri tsa diesel bakeng sa ho fehla matla ka kakaretso li sebetsa tlas'a maemo a tsitsitseng a ts'ebetso a nang le litefiso tse phahameng tsa mojaro.Mehloli ea matla a ts'ohanyetso le ea bekapo ka kakaretso e lekantsoe matla a 12h, athe mehloli e sebelisoang hangata e lekantsoe ka matla a tsoelang pele (matla a ts'oanang a sete ea jenereithara a lokela ho hula tahlehelo ea phetisetso le matla a ho hlasimolla a enjene, 'me a tlohe sebakeng se itseng sa matla).
(5) E na le sesebelisoa sa ho laola lebelo.
Ho netefatsa botsitso ba maqhubu a motlakase oa tlhahiso ea sete ea jenereithara, lisebelisoa tsa taolo ea lebelo le holimo hangata li kenngoa.Bakeng sa ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le lisebelisoa tsa jenereithara tse hokahaneng, lisebelisoa tsa ho lokisa lebelo li kentsoe.
(6)E na le ts'ireletso le mesebetsi ea boiketsetso.
Kakaretso:
(7)Ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea mantlha ea lienjine tsa diesel bakeng sa phepelo ea matla e le mehloli ea matla a polokelo, mehloli ea matla a mehala, le mehloli e meng ea matla, tlhoko ea 'maraka e ntse e eketseha selemo le selemo.Kaho ea State Grid e fihletse katleho e kholo, 'me phepelo ea motlakase e fihletse tšebetso ea naha ka bophara.Boemong bona, ts'ebeliso ea lienjineri tsa diesel bakeng sa tlhahiso ea matla 'marakeng oa China e fokotsehile, empa e ntse e le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea moruo oa naha.Ka nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea thekenoloji ea tlhahiso, theknoloji ea taolo ea boiketsetso, theknoloji ea elektroniki, le theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea thepa e kopaneng lefatšeng ka bophara.Lienjineri tsa diesel bakeng sa ho fehla matla li ntse li tsoela pele ho lebisa ho miniaturization, matla a phahameng, tšebeliso e tlase ea mafura, tlhahiso e tlase, lerata le tlase le bohlale.Khatelo-pele e tsoelang pele le lintlafatso tsa mahlale a amanang le tsona li ntlafalitse bokhoni ba tiisetso ea phepelo ea motlakase le boemo ba tekheniki ba lienjine tsa diesel bakeng sa phepelo ea motlakase, e leng se tla khothaletsa ka matla ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea matla a netefatso ea phepelo ea motlakase mafapheng a fapaneng.
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Nako ea poso: Apr-02-2024